(1)Cluster theory

It has been confirmed that water with smaller molecular clusters demonstrates higher permeability to matter.
Water free of organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, or the like and consisting of small clusters with a pH value of 7 is quality water; however, unfortunately not all water with small clusters is good for health, for example, alkaline ionized water with pH values of 9 to 10 and containing large amounts of nitrate nitrogen and organic matter can still have small clusters.
Water clusters can be easily measured by using nuclear magnetic resonance.
Recently Dr. Matsushita of Inochinomizu Inc. has proposed the theory that good water helps activate internal enzymes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) can be analysed by the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) method.

(2) Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) values

Lately, some hydrogen-related business products have put great emphasis on a low ORP; however, if the ORP value is too low, this results in overly low levels of the active oxygen responsible for dealing with bacteria entering the body. Weak alkalinity is suitable for the body; only a surplus of active oxygen is harmful.
ORP values on their own are not indicators of functional water. The balance between dissolved oxygen and dissolved hydrogen is important. Water with no dissolved oxygen is dead water.
This theory has been proposed by Dr. Hideo Hayakawa of Hayakawa Alternating Current Reduced Water Research Institute. (Electrolysis system)
The doctor made public the methods to measure the amount of active hydrogen in his book, “Kenko o Mamoru Honto ni Yoi Mizu (Truly Good Water Protects Health).”
(A) Chemiluminescence method (B) Method using luminol reaction

(3) Negative ions

According to the theory proposed by Dr. Yamanoi of the University of Tokyo, depending on the increase or decrease of the number of electrons rotating around an atomic nucleus, the state changes to neutral, oxidation, or reduction. It is difficult to measure negative ions in water.

(4) Active hydrogen

This is a theory proposed by Prof. Shirahata, Kyushu University. It is difficult to measure active hydrogen in water.

(5) Active hydrogen water (Opinion of Technos)

Mineral (silicon) + Weak energy (Far-infrared rays + Magnetic processing)
Si + H2O = SiO2 + H2+: Silicon (Si) attaches to oxygen (O2), which becomes silicic acid (SiO2) and inhibits oxidation.
H2+ + 2e– = 2H– (Negative hydrogen ion)

(6) Hydrogen water (Proposed by Prof. Ota): Method to add hydrogen gas

Hydrogen water is changed to active hydrogen by the action of internal enzymes, and the active hydrogen eliminates active oxygen.
・OH + H2 = H2O　　　　2O2– + 2H+ = H2O + O2
(Hydroxyl radical)　 (Superoxide)
To date only trials involving rats have been conducted; no human clinical test has been conducted with hydrogen water.

All the six approaches above mention the state of electrons, and describe the oxidation-reduction state of matter.
This indicates antioxidation activity.
It is a fact that a phenomenon cannot be thoroughly explained by one hypothesis alone.

*To be precise, both the ORP and cluster values vary depending on the pH value.

*If sufficient electron energy is not available to water, some water, even with a low ORP value, will not demonstrate antioxidation activity.

(7) Conclusion

Up to the present, to understand the properties of water, science has focused only on solute theory: the analysis of the constituents dissolved in water. Conventional chemistry has tried to explain the characteristics of matter by studying its molecular structure. However, matter has another dimension and vital phenomena can be analyzed from the perspective of solvent theory: the aspect of energy transfer.
Science is still discovering the fundamental laws that underlie many natural scientific phenomena, and for this reason, differing hypotheses can be presented as explanations for a phenomenon. But to borrow and update an old saying: The proof of the pudding is in the drinking. To provide and verify evidence, we are implementing a monitoring programme; please feel free to refer.